{"id":1165,"date":"2026-07-10T00:31:06","date_gmt":"2026-07-10T00:31:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.phantram.online\/ty-le-do-dai-hoc\/"},"modified":"2026-07-10T00:31:06","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T00:31:06","slug":"ty-le-do-dai-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1phantram.com\/blog\/ty-le-do-dai-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ef7 L\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc L\u00e0 G\u00ec? C\u00e1ch T\u00ednh V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecdc Hi\u1ec3u S\u1ed1 Li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"
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M\u1ed7i m\u00f9a tuy\u1ec3n sinh, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 huynh Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc<\/strong>. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i \u2014 tr\u00ean b\u00e1o, trong b\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng, trong l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y c\u00f4. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ch\u1eafc m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang n\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec? T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc 20% \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng top c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 “kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n” t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 60% \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed sinh d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00f4ng minh?<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc: t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau (theo ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau, theo h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, theo \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n), \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed7i con s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

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? C\u1ea7n t\u00ednh nhanh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 con s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

D\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed t\u1ea1i 1phantram.com<\/a> \u2014 nh\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ef7 L\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc L\u00e0 G\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u2014 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh d\u1ef1 thi, s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau tuy\u1ec3n sinh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7: “t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu” kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd cho ra nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i<\/h3>\n

V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p chia ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n (s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed7) chia cho t\u1ed5ng (s\u1ed1 tham chi\u1ebfu) r\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n 100. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/a>, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh, m\u00e0 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang “t\u1ed5ng” l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng?<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00ed sinh, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 gi\u00fap \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh\/tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ee9c h\u00fat v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc cao. M\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 li\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

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V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda:<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 “t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 15%” nghe r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u00ednh tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng (trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd cho vui, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5), th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng B c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 “t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 40%” t\u00ednh tr\u00ean s\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e9t tuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

C\u00e1c C\u00e1ch T\u00ednh T\u1ef7 L\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Ph\u1ed5 Bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc” duy nh\u1ea5t. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ri\u00eang. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

1. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 theo ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi)<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a tuy\u1ec3n sinh. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi = S\u1ed1 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u00f7 Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau tuy\u1ec3n sinh<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f3 200 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau nh\u1eadn 2.000 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi l\u00e0 1\/10, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 “\u0111\u1ed7” \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 10%. L\u01b0u \u00fd: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

2. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 theo \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n<\/h3>\n

C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3m thi. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh l\u00e0 25 \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ta bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 25 tr\u1edf l\u00ean, ta t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong nh\u00f3m th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd.<\/p>\n

3. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e9t tuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c<\/h3>\n

\u1ede c\u1ea5p v\u0129 m\u00f4, B\u1ed9 GD&\u0110T c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00ed sinh tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd x\u00e9t tuy\u1ec3n. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1 cao (70-90%) v\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed7 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/th>\nT\u1ed5ng tham chi\u1ebfu<\/th>\nTr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi<\/th>\nM\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ti\u00eau tuy\u1ec3n sinh<\/td>\nNg\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee1 n\u00e0o?<\/td>\n1\/2 \u2013 1\/30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 theo \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n<\/td>\nS\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ng\u00e0nh<\/td>\nBao nhi\u00eau % \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n?<\/td>\n10% \u2013 50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c<\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng th\u00ed sinh x\u00e9t \u0110H<\/td>\n% \u0111\u1ed7 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o?<\/td>\n70% \u2013 90%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc\/ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau<\/td>\nCh\u1ec9 ti\u00eau<\/td>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a?<\/td>\n60% \u2013 110%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9c T\u00ednh T\u1ef7 L\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ed7 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Chi Ti\u1ebft<\/h2>\n

Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi v\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7:<\/p>\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 (%) = (S\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n \u00f7 S\u1ed1 tham chi\u1ebfu) \u00d7 100<\/p>\n

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V\u00ed d\u1ee5 1 \u2014 T\u00ednh theo h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd:<\/strong> Ng\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 300 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau, nh\u1eadn 3.600 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng 1. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang 300 sinh vi\u00ean.
\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 = (300 \u00f7 3.600) \u00d7 100 = 8,33%<\/strong>.
\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng: 3.600 \u00f7 300 = 1\/12<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 theo ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3m<\/h3>\n

Khi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u00ed sinh \u1edf t\u1eebng m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3m, ta t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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V\u00ed d\u1ee5 2 \u2014 T\u00ednh theo \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n:<\/strong> Ng\u00e0nh Y khoa c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n 27,5. Trong 1.500 th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd x\u00e9t tuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 210 th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 27,5 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1edf l\u00ean, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec3n 180 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau.
\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00ed sinh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n = (210 \u00f7 1.500) \u00d7 100 = 14%<\/strong>.
\nTrong 210 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ec9 180 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed7 (do l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb cao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p), n\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed7 th\u1ef1c = (180 \u00f7 1.500) \u00d7 100 = 12%<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

T\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai tr\u00fang tuy\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc = (S\u1ed1 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u00f7 Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau) \u00d7 100. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi 300 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 270 nh\u1eadp h\u1ecdc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y = 90%, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e9t tuy\u1ec3n b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n

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? \u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m li\u00ean quan:<\/strong><\/p>\n